Solar Variation and Climate Change - in reference to Indian Rainfall Pattern
Keywords:
Solar irradiance, Climate Change, Sunspots, Sunspot cycle, Total Solar Irradiance, rainfall pattern
Abstract
Life on the Earth depends on energy received from the sun. Any factor that alters the radiation received from the sun or lost to space will affect climate. The Earth’s climate has always being changing. This is documented in historical as well as geological records. There is some indication that solar cycles have an effect on climate. The cloud formation may be influenced by galacitc cosmic rays through ionization change that cause microphysical changes in the atmosphere, affected the growth and nucleation of ice particles. the local decrease in the amount of cloud cover related to short term changes in the cosmic rays due to increased solar activity. Through this paper, we carried out a comprehensive analysis on solar variation and its impact on earth climate from last century. We also analysis the impact of solar variation on Indian Monsoon patter and concluded that Solar variation has directly impact on earth climate as well as causes of flood and drought in India.
References
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MS.Reddy and C.Venkataraman, Inventory of aerosol and sulphur dioxide emissions from India. Part IIbiomass combustion, Atmosph Environ, (36)(2002), 699-712.
N.Rastogi, MM.Sarin, Chemical characteristics of individual rain events from a semi-arid region in India: Three-year study, Atmos Environ, (39)(2005), 3313-3323.
Lau KM, Kim KM, Observational relationships between aerosol and Asian monsoon rainfall, and circulation, Geophysical Research Letters, (33)(2006).
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Sajani S, Krishna MK, Rajendran K, Ravi SN, Monsoon sensitivity to aerosol direct radiative forcing in the community atmosphere model, J Earth Sys Sci (121)(2012), 867-889.
Sarkar B. Disaster in Kedar Valley: A Retrospection. India Geospatial Digest Oct (2013), http://geospatialworld.net/Paper/Application/ArticleView.aspx?aid=30699
Davies JF, Miles RE, Haddrell AE, Reid JP, Influence of organic films on the evaporation and condensation of water in aerosol, Proc Natl Acad Sci (110)(2013), 8807-8812.
Geerts B and Linacre E.(1997), http://www-das.uwyo.edu/ geerts/cwx/notes/chap02 /sunspots.html
G.C.Reid, Influence of solar variability on global sea surface temperatures, Nature, (329)(1987), 142-143.
Friis-Christensen, Eigil, and Lassen K., Length of the Solar Cycle: An Indicator of Solar Activity Closely Associated with Climate, Science,(254)(1991), 698-700.
www.swpc.noaa.gov/AboutUs/Review2000/Solar Irrad Poster.ppt
R.B.Lee, Long-Term Solar Irradiance Variability During Sunspot Cycle 22, Journal of Geophysical Research (100- A2)(1995), 1667-75.
Hoyt D. V. and Schatten K. H., A Discussion of Plausible Solar Irradiance Variations, 1700-1992, Journal of Geophysical Research, 18(98)(1993).
Budyko M. I., The Earth’s climate: Past and future, Academic Press, New York. (1982).
Stevens, M. J. and North, G. R., Detection of the climate response to the solar cycle, J. Atmos. Sci.,(53)(1996), 25942608.
Nesme-Ribes E., Ferreira, E.N., Sadourny, R., Le Treut, H. and Li, Z.X., Solar dynamics and its impact on solar irradiance and the terrestrial climate, Journal of Geophysical Research (98)(1993).
Wang, L., Wheeler, J. C., Li, Z., and Clocchiatti, A., Broadband Polarimetry of Supernovae, ApJ, (467)(1996), 435.
Stuiver, M J., Variations in Radiocarban Concentration and Sunspot Activity, Journal of Geophys. Research, (66)(1961), 273-276.
Suess H E. Climate Changes, Solar activity and the Cosmic ray production rate of natural radiocarbon, Meteorological Monography (8)(1968) 146-150.
Radick, R. R., Lockwood, G. W. and Baliunas, S. L. Stellar Activity and brightness variations: A Glimpse at the Suns History, Science (247)(1990) 3944.
Willson, R. C. and Hudson, H. S. Solar luminosity variations in solar cycle 21, Nature (332)(1988), 810812.
Courtesy of NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. http://robslink.com
Lean J, Beer J and Bradley R. On the Solar Ultraviolet spectral irradiance during the Maunder Minimum, Global Biogeochemical cycles, (9)(1995), 171-182.
Lean J, Skamanich A and White O. Estimating the Suns radiative output during the Maunder Minimum, Geophys. Research Letter (19)(1992), 1591-1594.
Solanki, S.K. and Fligge, M. Solar irradiance since 1874 revisited, Geophysical Research Letters (25)(1998), doi: 10.1029/98/GL50038. ISSN:0094-8276.
White O.R., Skumanich A., Lean J., Livingston W.C., Keri S.L. The sun in a noncycling state, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific (104)(1992), 1139.
Baliunas S., Jastrow. Evidence for long-term brightness changes of solar-type stars, Nature (348)(1990), 520.
Mendoza, B. Estimations of Maunder minimum solar irradiance and Ca II H and K fluxes using rotation rates and diameters, Astrophys. J. (483)(1997), 523526.
Hoyt, D. V., Schatten, K. H. Group sunspot numbers: A new solar activity reconstruction, Part 1. Solar Phys. (179)(1998), 189.
Lockwood, M. and Stamper, R. Long-term drift of the coronal source magnetic flux and the total solar irradiance, Geophys. Res. Lett. (26)(1999), 24612464.
http://www.aps.org/units/fps/newsletters/200804/marsh.cfm
Haigh, J. D. The role of stratospheric ozone in modulating the solar radiative forcing of climate, Nature (370)(1994), 544546.
Wuebbles, D.J., Wei, C and Patten, K.O. Effects on stratospheric ozone and temperature during the Mauder Minimum, Geophysical Research Letters (25)(1998), doi: 10.1029/98GL00057. ISSN: 0094-8276.
Myhre, G., F. Stordal, B. Rognerud, and I.S.A. Isaksen, Radiative forcing due to stratospheric ozone. In: Atmospheric Ozone: Proceedings of the XVIII Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, [Bojkov,R.D. and G. Visconti (eds.)]. LAquila, Italy, Parco Scientifico eTechnologico dAbruzzo (1998a), 813-816.
Hansen, J., M. Sato, and R. Ruedy. Radiative forcing and climate response, J. Geophys. Res., (102)(1997a), 6831-6864.
Haigh, J.D. (1999). A GCM study of climate change in response to the 11-year solar cycle, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., (125)(1999), 871-892.
Larkin, A., J.D. Haigh, and S. Djavidnia. The effect of solar UV irradiance variations on the Earths atmosphere, Space Science Reviews, (94)(2000), 199-214.
Rind D. and Balachandran N K. Modeling the effects of UV-variability and the QBO on the troposphere-Stratosphere system Part II- The Troposphere, Journal of Climate (8)(1995), 2080-2095.
Arnold, N. and Robinson R.. Solar cycle changes to planetary wave propagation and their influence on the middle atmosphere circulation, Ann. Geophysicae, (16)(1998), 6976.
http://www.climatedata.info/Forcing/Forcing/milankovitchcycles files/BIGw02-milankovitch-and-temperature.gif.gif
Eddy, J.A. Climate and the role of the Sun, In Rotberg and Rabb ,(5)(1981), 145-67.
Manabe, S and Wetherald RT. Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Given Distribution of Relative Humidity, Journal of Atmospheric Science (24)(1967), 241-259.
Rossow, W.B. and B. Cairns. Monitoring changes of clouds, Climate Change, (31)(1995), 305-347.
http://www.bom.gov.au/web01/ncc/www/cli chg/ timeseries/global t/ 0112/global/latest .txt Base 1961-1990.
Ian Levy (2012), http://fgservices1947.wordpress.com/2012/01/03/2011-a-watershed-year-for-global-temperaturetrends-update
Ray Evans. Nine Facts about Climate Change, Lavoisier Group, Melbourne, Australia (2006).
Verschuren D, Laird KR, Cumming B.F. Rainfall and drought in equatorial east Africa during the past 1100 years, Nature, (403)(2000), 410414.
Neff U, Burns SJ, Mangini A, Mudelsee M, Fleitmann D. Strong coherence between solar variability and the monsoon in Oman between 9 and 6 kyr ago, Nature, (411)(2001), 290293.
Haug GH, Gunther D, Peterson LC, Sigman DM, Hughen K.A. Climate and the collapse of Maya Civilization, Science. (299)(2003),17311735.
Zhang P, Cheng H, Edwards RL, Chen F, Wang Y, Yang X. A test of climate, sun, and culture relationships from an 1810-year Chinese cave record, Science, (322)(2008), 940942.
Bard, E., Raisbeck G, FYiou F, and Jouzel J. Solar irradiance during the last 1200 years based on cosmogenic nuclides, Tellus B., (52 (3))(2000), 985-992.
Tinsley, B.A. Solar wind mechanism suggested for weather and climate change, EOS Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, (75(32))(1994), 369.
Pudovkin, M. and Veretenenko S. Cloudiness decreases associated with Forbush-decreases of galactic cosmic rays, J. Atm. Terr. Phys., (57)(1995), 1349-1355.
Pudovkin, M. and Veretenenko S. Variations of the cosmic rays as one of the possible links between the solar activity and the lower atmosphere, Adv. Space Res., vol. 17, No. (11)(1996), (11)161-(11)164.
Monthly Sunspot Numbers, Australian Government Bureau of Meterology. http://www.ips. gov.au /Solar/1/6.
Guhathakurta P and Rajeevan M. Trends in the rainfall pattern over India, National Climate, IMD, Pune. Centre Research report no (2/2006)(2006).
Pant, G.B. and Kumar, R K., Climates of South Asia, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, (1997).
Parthasarathy, B., Munot A and Kothawale D R. All-India monthly and seasonal rainfall series 1887-1993, Theoretical and Applied Climatology (49)(1994), 217-224.
http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia sol26.htm.
Heinrich Schwabe, Solar Observations during 1843, Astronomische Nachrichten, (20)(1843).
Jack A.Eddy, The Maunder Minimum, Science, (192)(1976), 1189-1202.
LS.Hingane, K.Rupa Kumar and BVRama Murthy, Long-term trends of surface air temperature in India, Internat Jour of Climat (5)(1985), 521-528.
V.Ramanathan, PJ.Crutzen, JT.Kiehl and Rosenfeld D. Aerosols, Climate, and the Hydrological Cycle, Science (294)(2001), 2119-2124.
MS.Reddy and C.Venkataraman, Inventory of aerosol and sulphur dioxide emissions from India. Part IIbiomass combustion, Atmosph Environ, (36)(2002), 699-712.
N.Rastogi, MM.Sarin, Chemical characteristics of individual rain events from a semi-arid region in India: Three-year study, Atmos Environ, (39)(2005), 3313-3323.
Lau KM, Kim KM, Observational relationships between aerosol and Asian monsoon rainfall, and circulation, Geophysical Research Letters, (33)(2006).
Tinsley, AB.; Fangqun Yu, Atmospheric Ionization and Clouds as Links Between Solar Activity and Climate, In Pap, Judit M.; Fox, Peter. Solar Variability and its Effects on Climate, Geophysical monograph series American Geophysical Union. (141)(2004),321339. ISBN 0-87590-406-8. Retrieved 19 April 2007.
Sajani S, Krishna MK, Rajendran K, Ravi SN, Monsoon sensitivity to aerosol direct radiative forcing in the community atmosphere model, J Earth Sys Sci (121)(2012), 867-889.
Sarkar B. Disaster in Kedar Valley: A Retrospection. India Geospatial Digest Oct (2013), http://geospatialworld.net/Paper/Application/ArticleView.aspx?aid=30699
Davies JF, Miles RE, Haddrell AE, Reid JP, Influence of organic films on the evaporation and condensation of water in aerosol, Proc Natl Acad Sci (110)(2013), 8807-8812.
Geerts B and Linacre E.(1997), http://www-das.uwyo.edu/ geerts/cwx/notes/chap02 /sunspots.html
G.C.Reid, Influence of solar variability on global sea surface temperatures, Nature, (329)(1987), 142-143.
Friis-Christensen, Eigil, and Lassen K., Length of the Solar Cycle: An Indicator of Solar Activity Closely Associated with Climate, Science,(254)(1991), 698-700.
www.swpc.noaa.gov/AboutUs/Review2000/Solar Irrad Poster.ppt
R.B.Lee, Long-Term Solar Irradiance Variability During Sunspot Cycle 22, Journal of Geophysical Research (100- A2)(1995), 1667-75.
Hoyt D. V. and Schatten K. H., A Discussion of Plausible Solar Irradiance Variations, 1700-1992, Journal of Geophysical Research, 18(98)(1993).
Budyko M. I., The Earth’s climate: Past and future, Academic Press, New York. (1982).
Stevens, M. J. and North, G. R., Detection of the climate response to the solar cycle, J. Atmos. Sci.,(53)(1996), 25942608.
Nesme-Ribes E., Ferreira, E.N., Sadourny, R., Le Treut, H. and Li, Z.X., Solar dynamics and its impact on solar irradiance and the terrestrial climate, Journal of Geophysical Research (98)(1993).
Wang, L., Wheeler, J. C., Li, Z., and Clocchiatti, A., Broadband Polarimetry of Supernovae, ApJ, (467)(1996), 435.
Stuiver, M J., Variations in Radiocarban Concentration and Sunspot Activity, Journal of Geophys. Research, (66)(1961), 273-276.
Suess H E. Climate Changes, Solar activity and the Cosmic ray production rate of natural radiocarbon, Meteorological Monography (8)(1968) 146-150.
Radick, R. R., Lockwood, G. W. and Baliunas, S. L. Stellar Activity and brightness variations: A Glimpse at the Suns History, Science (247)(1990) 3944.
Willson, R. C. and Hudson, H. S. Solar luminosity variations in solar cycle 21, Nature (332)(1988), 810812.
Courtesy of NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. http://robslink.com
Lean J, Beer J and Bradley R. On the Solar Ultraviolet spectral irradiance during the Maunder Minimum, Global Biogeochemical cycles, (9)(1995), 171-182.
Lean J, Skamanich A and White O. Estimating the Suns radiative output during the Maunder Minimum, Geophys. Research Letter (19)(1992), 1591-1594.
Solanki, S.K. and Fligge, M. Solar irradiance since 1874 revisited, Geophysical Research Letters (25)(1998), doi: 10.1029/98/GL50038. ISSN:0094-8276.
White O.R., Skumanich A., Lean J., Livingston W.C., Keri S.L. The sun in a noncycling state, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific (104)(1992), 1139.
Baliunas S., Jastrow. Evidence for long-term brightness changes of solar-type stars, Nature (348)(1990), 520.
Mendoza, B. Estimations of Maunder minimum solar irradiance and Ca II H and K fluxes using rotation rates and diameters, Astrophys. J. (483)(1997), 523526.
Hoyt, D. V., Schatten, K. H. Group sunspot numbers: A new solar activity reconstruction, Part 1. Solar Phys. (179)(1998), 189.
Lockwood, M. and Stamper, R. Long-term drift of the coronal source magnetic flux and the total solar irradiance, Geophys. Res. Lett. (26)(1999), 24612464.
http://www.aps.org/units/fps/newsletters/200804/marsh.cfm
Haigh, J. D. The role of stratospheric ozone in modulating the solar radiative forcing of climate, Nature (370)(1994), 544546.
Wuebbles, D.J., Wei, C and Patten, K.O. Effects on stratospheric ozone and temperature during the Mauder Minimum, Geophysical Research Letters (25)(1998), doi: 10.1029/98GL00057. ISSN: 0094-8276.
Myhre, G., F. Stordal, B. Rognerud, and I.S.A. Isaksen, Radiative forcing due to stratospheric ozone. In: Atmospheric Ozone: Proceedings of the XVIII Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, [Bojkov,R.D. and G. Visconti (eds.)]. LAquila, Italy, Parco Scientifico eTechnologico dAbruzzo (1998a), 813-816.
Hansen, J., M. Sato, and R. Ruedy. Radiative forcing and climate response, J. Geophys. Res., (102)(1997a), 6831-6864.
Haigh, J.D. (1999). A GCM study of climate change in response to the 11-year solar cycle, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., (125)(1999), 871-892.
Larkin, A., J.D. Haigh, and S. Djavidnia. The effect of solar UV irradiance variations on the Earths atmosphere, Space Science Reviews, (94)(2000), 199-214.
Rind D. and Balachandran N K. Modeling the effects of UV-variability and the QBO on the troposphere-Stratosphere system Part II- The Troposphere, Journal of Climate (8)(1995), 2080-2095.
Arnold, N. and Robinson R.. Solar cycle changes to planetary wave propagation and their influence on the middle atmosphere circulation, Ann. Geophysicae, (16)(1998), 6976.
http://www.climatedata.info/Forcing/Forcing/milankovitchcycles files/BIGw02-milankovitch-and-temperature.gif.gif
Eddy, J.A. Climate and the role of the Sun, In Rotberg and Rabb ,(5)(1981), 145-67.
Manabe, S and Wetherald RT. Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Given Distribution of Relative Humidity, Journal of Atmospheric Science (24)(1967), 241-259.
Rossow, W.B. and B. Cairns. Monitoring changes of clouds, Climate Change, (31)(1995), 305-347.
http://www.bom.gov.au/web01/ncc/www/cli chg/ timeseries/global t/ 0112/global/latest .txt Base 1961-1990.
Ian Levy (2012), http://fgservices1947.wordpress.com/2012/01/03/2011-a-watershed-year-for-global-temperaturetrends-update
Ray Evans. Nine Facts about Climate Change, Lavoisier Group, Melbourne, Australia (2006).
Verschuren D, Laird KR, Cumming B.F. Rainfall and drought in equatorial east Africa during the past 1100 years, Nature, (403)(2000), 410414.
Neff U, Burns SJ, Mangini A, Mudelsee M, Fleitmann D. Strong coherence between solar variability and the monsoon in Oman between 9 and 6 kyr ago, Nature, (411)(2001), 290293.
Haug GH, Gunther D, Peterson LC, Sigman DM, Hughen K.A. Climate and the collapse of Maya Civilization, Science. (299)(2003),17311735.
Zhang P, Cheng H, Edwards RL, Chen F, Wang Y, Yang X. A test of climate, sun, and culture relationships from an 1810-year Chinese cave record, Science, (322)(2008), 940942.
Bard, E., Raisbeck G, FYiou F, and Jouzel J. Solar irradiance during the last 1200 years based on cosmogenic nuclides, Tellus B., (52 (3))(2000), 985-992.
Tinsley, B.A. Solar wind mechanism suggested for weather and climate change, EOS Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, (75(32))(1994), 369.
Pudovkin, M. and Veretenenko S. Cloudiness decreases associated with Forbush-decreases of galactic cosmic rays, J. Atm. Terr. Phys., (57)(1995), 1349-1355.
Pudovkin, M. and Veretenenko S. Variations of the cosmic rays as one of the possible links between the solar activity and the lower atmosphere, Adv. Space Res., vol. 17, No. (11)(1996), (11)161-(11)164.
Monthly Sunspot Numbers, Australian Government Bureau of Meterology. http://www.ips. gov.au /Solar/1/6.
Guhathakurta P and Rajeevan M. Trends in the rainfall pattern over India, National Climate, IMD, Pune. Centre Research report no (2/2006)(2006).
Pant, G.B. and Kumar, R K., Climates of South Asia, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, (1997).
Parthasarathy, B., Munot A and Kothawale D R. All-India monthly and seasonal rainfall series 1887-1993, Theoretical and Applied Climatology (49)(1994), 217-224.
How to Cite
Vinay Kumar Pandey, & Ajai Mishra. (2015). Solar Variation and Climate Change - in reference to Indian Rainfall Pattern. International Journal of Current Research in Science and Technology, 1(3), 1-14. Retrieved from https://crst.gfer.org/index.php/crst/article/view/8
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