Facts and trend of Climate Change - with reference to Geological time frame
Keywords:
Global Climatic Change, Solar activities, Warm and cold phase, Green house gases, Solar Irradiance
Abstract
The Earth is a dynamic planet, constantly undergoing change, driven by internal and external forces. The Paleoclimatic studies have confirmed that climatic change is a natural process in Earths history with a variation in atmospheric Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration. It is also observed that the Earth’s average temperature was much higher in the past than the present average temperature. In the Late Ordovician Period (450 Ma) which was a cold phase at that time the CO2 concentration was nearly 12 times higher than today i.e. 4400 ppm. Only the Carboniferous Period (350 Ma) had witnessed the concentration of CO2 levels less than 400 ppm in the last 600 million years of Earth history. The studies had shown that last 4500 years, there were 75 major temperature swings. There was sudden cooling started in the year 2200 BC and due to Volcanic eruptions at Italy, Pacific, Columbia, Alaska and Iceland, again increased the global temperature. The year 1100 BC was much warmer then present time. The year between 1350-1800 AD was marked with Litter Ice age after that temperature increased again. Thus in the present study we synthesis and analysed the causes of climatic change in the past, change in atmospheric CO2 concentrations in the present time and its trends leading towards the change in climate of planet Earth.
References
Rhodes and L.Steven, Climate and Environmental Degradation of the Great Lakes, Journal of Environmental Systems, 22(2)(1993), 105-122.
L.A.Frakes, Climates Throughout Geologic Time, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1979).
M.V.Caputo and J.C.Crowell, Migration of glacial centres across Gondwana during the Palaeozoic, Era. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., (96)(1985), 1020-1036.
C. McA.Powell and J.J.Veevers, Namurian uplift in Australia and South America triggered the main Gondwanan glaciation, Nature, (326)(1987), 117-119.
C.R.Lloyd, The mid-Cretaceous earth: Palaeogeography, ocean circulation and temperature, atmospheric circulation J. Geol., (90)(1982), 393-413.
S.M.Savin, The history of the Earth’s surface temperature during the past 100 million years, Ann. Rev. Earth. Plan. Sci., (5)(1977), 319-355.
R.G.Douglas and F.Woodruff, Deep sea benthic foraminifera. In: The Sea, Emiliani (ed.). Wiley-Interscience, New-York, (7)(1981), 1233-1327.
N.J.Shackleton and J.P.Kennett, Palaeo-temperature history of the Cenozoic and the initiation of Antarctic glaciation: Oxygen and carbon isotope analysis in DSDP sites 277, 279 and 281. In: Initail Report of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Kennet, J.P. et al. (eds.). US Govt. Print. Office, Washington D.C., (5)(1975), 743-755.
B.Hileman, Ice Core Record Extended, Chemical & Engineering News, (83-48)(2005).
http://higheredbcs.wiley.com/legacy/college/levin/0471697435/chap tut/chaps/chapter11-02.html
A. N.P.Stevens, Factors Affecting Global Climate, Nature Education Knowledge, (3-10)(2012).
Nick Strobel, http://www.astronomynotes.com/solarsys/s4c.htm. (May 2013).
N.A.Mrner, Solar Minima, Earths Rotation and Little Ice Ages in the Past and in the Future. The North Atlantic European case, Global Planetary Change, (72)(2010), 282-293.
E.Bard, G.Raisbeck, F.Yiou, and J.Jouzel, Solar irradiance during the last 1200 years based on cosmogenic nuclides, Tellus B., (52 -3)(2000), 985-992.
R. Bargar, http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-atmospheric-circulation.html.
Thompson Gale, Environmental Encyclopedia, 3rd ed., (2003).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo
J.T.Kiehl and E.T.Kevin, Earth’s Annual Global Mean Energy Budget, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. (78 -2)(1997), 197208.
Nova, Enhanced greenhouse effect Glossary, Australian Academy of Scihuman. Impact on the environment, (2006).
C.E.Forest, J.A.Wolfe, P.Molnar and K.A.Emanuel, Paleoaltimetry incorporating atmospheric physics and botanical estimates of paleoclimate, Geological Society of America Bulletin (111 -4)(1999), 497511.
Parrish and T.Judith, Climate of the Supercontinent Pangea, Chemical Geology (The University of Chicago Press), (101-2)(1993), 215233.
http://www.skepticalscience.com/weathering.html
F.W.Ruddiman, Tectonic Uplift and Climate Change, ed. Plenum Press, (1997).
http://dilu.bol.ucla.edu/
M.I.Budyko, The Earths Climate: Past and Future, Academic Press, Russia, (1982).
G.E.Williams, Late Precambrian glacial climate and the Earth’s obliquity, Geol. Mag., (112)(1975), 441-465.
http://m.teachastronomy.com/astropedia/ article/Mass-Extinctions
G.C.Bond, P.A.Nickeson and M.A.Kominz, Breakup of a supercontinent between 625Ma and 555Ma: New evidence and implications for continental histories, Earth Plan. Sci. Lett., (70)(1984), 325-345.
B.H.Wilkinson and R.K.Given, Secular variation in abiotic marine carbonates: Constraints on Phanerozoic atmospheric carbon dioxide contents and oceanic Mg/Ca ratios, J. Geol., (94)(1986), 321-333.
T.J.Crowley, J.G.Mengel and D.A.Short, Gondwanaland’s seasonal cycle, Nature, (329)(1987), 803-807.
J.W.Posey and P.F.Clapp, Global distribution of normal surface albedo, Geofis. Int., (4)(1964), 33-48.
http://geocraft.com/WVFossils/Carboniferous climate.html
J.Shukla and Y.Mintz, Influence of land-surface evapotranspiration on the Earth’s climate, Science, (215)(1982), 1498- 1501.
E.J.Barron, A warm, equable Cretaceous: The nature of the problem, Earth Sci. Rev., (19)(1983), 305-338.
R.A.Berner, A.C.Lasaga and R.M.Garrels, The carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle and its effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide over the last 100 million years, Amer. J. Sci., (283)(1983), 641-683.
P.A.Sanberg, An oscillating trend in Phanerozoic nonskeletal carbonate mineralogy, Nature, (305)(1983), 19-22.
D.E.Hayes and L.A.Frakes, General synthesis. In: Initail Report of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, US Govt. Print. Office, Washington D.C.,(28)(1975), 919-942.
T.C.Moore, T.S.Loutit and S.M.Grenlee, Estimating short term changes in eustatic sea level, Palaeoceanog., (2)(1987), 625-637.
B.U.Haq, J.Hardenbol and P.R.Vail, Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic, Science, (235)(1987), 1156- 1167.
M.E.Raymo, W.F.Ruddiman and B.M.Clement, Pliocene-Pleistocene palaeoceanography of the North Atlantic at Deep Sea Drilling Project 609. Initail Report of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, (94)(1986), 895-901.
E.Jansen, U.Bleil, R.Henrich, L.Kringstad and B.Slettemark, Palaeoenvironmental changes in the Norwegian Sea and the northeast Atlantic during the last 2.8 m.y.: Deep Sea Drilling Project/Ocean Drilling Project sites 610, 642, 643 and 644, Palaeoceanog., (3)(1988), 563-581.
E.J.Barron, Explanations of the Tertiary global cooling trend. Palaeogeog., Palaeoclim., Palaeoecol., (50)(1985), 45-61.
D.G.Seidov, Numerical modelling of the ocean circulation and palaeocirculation. In: Mesozoic and Cenozoic Oceans, Hs, K. (ed.). Geodynamic Series, Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington D.C., 15(1986), 11-26.
W.F.Ruddiman and J.E.Kutzbach, Forcing of late Cenozoic northern hemisphere climates by plateau uplift in southeast Asia and the American southwest, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 18409-18427.
M.E.Raymo, W.F.Ruddiman and P.N.Froelich, Influence of late Cenozoic mountain building on ocean geochemical cycles, Geology, (16)(1989), 649-653.
N.J.Shackleton, Oxygen isotopes, ice volume and sea level, Quat. Sci. Rev., (6)(1988), 183-190.
http://emergent-culture.com/why-global-warming-is-the-least-of-our-concerns
Ray Evans, Nine Facts about Climate Change, Published by Lavoisier Group, Melbourne, Australia, (2006).
http://www.bom.gov.au/web01/ncc/www/cli chg/timeseries/global t/0112/global/latest.txt Base 1961-1990 average = 13.97C
Ian Levy, http://fgservices1947.wordpress.com/2012/01/03/2011-a-watershed-year-for-global-temperature-trendsupdate
I.Charvatova, The Relations between Solar Motion and Solar Variability, Czechoslovak Academy of Science, provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System (1988).
L.B.Klyashtorin and A.A.Lyubushin, On the coherence between the dynamics of the world fuel consumption and global temperature anomaly, Energy & Environment, 14(6)(2003).
William Gray op. cit and W.Kininmonth, Climate Change: A Natural Hazard, Multi-Science Publishing Co. Ltd, UK. (2004).
IPCC. Third Assessment Report, (2001).
http://www.c3headlines.com/are-global-temperatures-increasing/
http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/japanquake/earth20110314.html
J.D.Hays, J.Imbrie and N.J.Shackleton, Variations in the Earth’s Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages, Science, 194(4270)(1976), 11211132.
Girkin and Amy Negich, A Computational Study on the Evolution of the Dynamics of the Obliquity of the Earth, Master of Science thesis, Miami University, (2005).
A.Berger, M.F.Loutre and J.L.Mlice, Equatorial insolation: from precession harmonics to eccentricity frequencies, Clim. Past Discuss, 2(4)(2006), 519533.
Data from United States Naval Observatory. http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/EarthSeasons.php
D.M.Williams and P.Pollard, Earth-like worlds on eccentric orbits: excursions beyond the habitable zone, Inter. J. Astrobio., (1)(2002), 9-21.
Richard A.Muller and Gordon J.F.MacDonald, Glacial Cycles and Astronomical Forcing, Science 277(5323)(1997), 2158.
Richard A.Muller, Origin of the 100 kyr Glacial Cycle: eccentricity or orbital inclination? , Retrieved (March 2, 2005).
L.A.Frakes, Climates Throughout Geologic Time, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1979).
M.V.Caputo and J.C.Crowell, Migration of glacial centres across Gondwana during the Palaeozoic, Era. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., (96)(1985), 1020-1036.
C. McA.Powell and J.J.Veevers, Namurian uplift in Australia and South America triggered the main Gondwanan glaciation, Nature, (326)(1987), 117-119.
C.R.Lloyd, The mid-Cretaceous earth: Palaeogeography, ocean circulation and temperature, atmospheric circulation J. Geol., (90)(1982), 393-413.
S.M.Savin, The history of the Earth’s surface temperature during the past 100 million years, Ann. Rev. Earth. Plan. Sci., (5)(1977), 319-355.
R.G.Douglas and F.Woodruff, Deep sea benthic foraminifera. In: The Sea, Emiliani (ed.). Wiley-Interscience, New-York, (7)(1981), 1233-1327.
N.J.Shackleton and J.P.Kennett, Palaeo-temperature history of the Cenozoic and the initiation of Antarctic glaciation: Oxygen and carbon isotope analysis in DSDP sites 277, 279 and 281. In: Initail Report of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Kennet, J.P. et al. (eds.). US Govt. Print. Office, Washington D.C., (5)(1975), 743-755.
B.Hileman, Ice Core Record Extended, Chemical & Engineering News, (83-48)(2005).
http://higheredbcs.wiley.com/legacy/college/levin/0471697435/chap tut/chaps/chapter11-02.html
A. N.P.Stevens, Factors Affecting Global Climate, Nature Education Knowledge, (3-10)(2012).
Nick Strobel, http://www.astronomynotes.com/solarsys/s4c.htm. (May 2013).
N.A.Mrner, Solar Minima, Earths Rotation and Little Ice Ages in the Past and in the Future. The North Atlantic European case, Global Planetary Change, (72)(2010), 282-293.
E.Bard, G.Raisbeck, F.Yiou, and J.Jouzel, Solar irradiance during the last 1200 years based on cosmogenic nuclides, Tellus B., (52 -3)(2000), 985-992.
R. Bargar, http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-atmospheric-circulation.html.
Thompson Gale, Environmental Encyclopedia, 3rd ed., (2003).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo
J.T.Kiehl and E.T.Kevin, Earth’s Annual Global Mean Energy Budget, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. (78 -2)(1997), 197208.
Nova, Enhanced greenhouse effect Glossary, Australian Academy of Scihuman. Impact on the environment, (2006).
C.E.Forest, J.A.Wolfe, P.Molnar and K.A.Emanuel, Paleoaltimetry incorporating atmospheric physics and botanical estimates of paleoclimate, Geological Society of America Bulletin (111 -4)(1999), 497511.
Parrish and T.Judith, Climate of the Supercontinent Pangea, Chemical Geology (The University of Chicago Press), (101-2)(1993), 215233.
http://www.skepticalscience.com/weathering.html
F.W.Ruddiman, Tectonic Uplift and Climate Change, ed. Plenum Press, (1997).
http://dilu.bol.ucla.edu/
M.I.Budyko, The Earths Climate: Past and Future, Academic Press, Russia, (1982).
G.E.Williams, Late Precambrian glacial climate and the Earth’s obliquity, Geol. Mag., (112)(1975), 441-465.
http://m.teachastronomy.com/astropedia/ article/Mass-Extinctions
G.C.Bond, P.A.Nickeson and M.A.Kominz, Breakup of a supercontinent between 625Ma and 555Ma: New evidence and implications for continental histories, Earth Plan. Sci. Lett., (70)(1984), 325-345.
B.H.Wilkinson and R.K.Given, Secular variation in abiotic marine carbonates: Constraints on Phanerozoic atmospheric carbon dioxide contents and oceanic Mg/Ca ratios, J. Geol., (94)(1986), 321-333.
T.J.Crowley, J.G.Mengel and D.A.Short, Gondwanaland’s seasonal cycle, Nature, (329)(1987), 803-807.
J.W.Posey and P.F.Clapp, Global distribution of normal surface albedo, Geofis. Int., (4)(1964), 33-48.
http://geocraft.com/WVFossils/Carboniferous climate.html
J.Shukla and Y.Mintz, Influence of land-surface evapotranspiration on the Earth’s climate, Science, (215)(1982), 1498- 1501.
E.J.Barron, A warm, equable Cretaceous: The nature of the problem, Earth Sci. Rev., (19)(1983), 305-338.
R.A.Berner, A.C.Lasaga and R.M.Garrels, The carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle and its effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide over the last 100 million years, Amer. J. Sci., (283)(1983), 641-683.
P.A.Sanberg, An oscillating trend in Phanerozoic nonskeletal carbonate mineralogy, Nature, (305)(1983), 19-22.
D.E.Hayes and L.A.Frakes, General synthesis. In: Initail Report of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, US Govt. Print. Office, Washington D.C.,(28)(1975), 919-942.
T.C.Moore, T.S.Loutit and S.M.Grenlee, Estimating short term changes in eustatic sea level, Palaeoceanog., (2)(1987), 625-637.
B.U.Haq, J.Hardenbol and P.R.Vail, Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic, Science, (235)(1987), 1156- 1167.
M.E.Raymo, W.F.Ruddiman and B.M.Clement, Pliocene-Pleistocene palaeoceanography of the North Atlantic at Deep Sea Drilling Project 609. Initail Report of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, (94)(1986), 895-901.
E.Jansen, U.Bleil, R.Henrich, L.Kringstad and B.Slettemark, Palaeoenvironmental changes in the Norwegian Sea and the northeast Atlantic during the last 2.8 m.y.: Deep Sea Drilling Project/Ocean Drilling Project sites 610, 642, 643 and 644, Palaeoceanog., (3)(1988), 563-581.
E.J.Barron, Explanations of the Tertiary global cooling trend. Palaeogeog., Palaeoclim., Palaeoecol., (50)(1985), 45-61.
D.G.Seidov, Numerical modelling of the ocean circulation and palaeocirculation. In: Mesozoic and Cenozoic Oceans, Hs, K. (ed.). Geodynamic Series, Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington D.C., 15(1986), 11-26.
W.F.Ruddiman and J.E.Kutzbach, Forcing of late Cenozoic northern hemisphere climates by plateau uplift in southeast Asia and the American southwest, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 18409-18427.
M.E.Raymo, W.F.Ruddiman and P.N.Froelich, Influence of late Cenozoic mountain building on ocean geochemical cycles, Geology, (16)(1989), 649-653.
N.J.Shackleton, Oxygen isotopes, ice volume and sea level, Quat. Sci. Rev., (6)(1988), 183-190.
http://emergent-culture.com/why-global-warming-is-the-least-of-our-concerns
Ray Evans, Nine Facts about Climate Change, Published by Lavoisier Group, Melbourne, Australia, (2006).
http://www.bom.gov.au/web01/ncc/www/cli chg/timeseries/global t/0112/global/latest.txt Base 1961-1990 average = 13.97C
Ian Levy, http://fgservices1947.wordpress.com/2012/01/03/2011-a-watershed-year-for-global-temperature-trendsupdate
I.Charvatova, The Relations between Solar Motion and Solar Variability, Czechoslovak Academy of Science, provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System (1988).
L.B.Klyashtorin and A.A.Lyubushin, On the coherence between the dynamics of the world fuel consumption and global temperature anomaly, Energy & Environment, 14(6)(2003).
William Gray op. cit and W.Kininmonth, Climate Change: A Natural Hazard, Multi-Science Publishing Co. Ltd, UK. (2004).
IPCC. Third Assessment Report, (2001).
http://www.c3headlines.com/are-global-temperatures-increasing/
http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/japanquake/earth20110314.html
J.D.Hays, J.Imbrie and N.J.Shackleton, Variations in the Earth’s Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages, Science, 194(4270)(1976), 11211132.
Girkin and Amy Negich, A Computational Study on the Evolution of the Dynamics of the Obliquity of the Earth, Master of Science thesis, Miami University, (2005).
A.Berger, M.F.Loutre and J.L.Mlice, Equatorial insolation: from precession harmonics to eccentricity frequencies, Clim. Past Discuss, 2(4)(2006), 519533.
Data from United States Naval Observatory. http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/EarthSeasons.php
D.M.Williams and P.Pollard, Earth-like worlds on eccentric orbits: excursions beyond the habitable zone, Inter. J. Astrobio., (1)(2002), 9-21.
Richard A.Muller and Gordon J.F.MacDonald, Glacial Cycles and Astronomical Forcing, Science 277(5323)(1997), 2158.
Richard A.Muller, Origin of the 100 kyr Glacial Cycle: eccentricity or orbital inclination? , Retrieved (March 2, 2005).
How to Cite
Vinay Kumar Pandey, & Ajai Mishra. (2015). Facts and trend of Climate Change - with reference to Geological time frame. International Journal of Current Research in Science and Technology, 1(3), 43-60. Retrieved from https://crst.gfer.org/index.php/crst/article/view/13
Issue
Section
Articles
