Causes and Disaster Risk Reduction Measures for Hydrometerological Disaster in Uttarakhand, India: An Overview
Keywords:
Hydro-meteorological disasters (HMD), climate change, geological factor, manmade disaster, mitigation measures
Abstract
The frequency and intensity of Hydro-meteorological disaster (HMD) in Uttarakhand are increasing from last 15 years. These catastrophic events have brought heavy toll to the human population, resources and the state infrastructure in terms of economy and societal. Casualties and damage due to hazards in Uttarakhand regions have increased due to climatic factor, geological factor and increasing human population. The unscientific and need based developmental activities causing the imbalance in the natural ecosystem and environment becoming more susceptible to natural disasters. Through this paper, we carried out a comprehensive analysis and study the causes, the time factor and Disaster Risk Reduction measures for HMD and summarized that these disasters by their nature difficult to predict and control but we can only minimize the impact of HMD by strongly implementation of Pre-disaster mitigation measures such as proper planning, public awareness, training, knowledge of mitigation measures, structural and non structural measures, monitoring the hazard prone areas and honestly follow the environmental and disaster mitigation rules by all of us including government as well as private developers with an early warning system measures.
References
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R J.Pandey, Landslide and Risk Assessment in Uttarakhand with Special Refernce to Malpa, International Journal of Innovation Research & Development, 2(3)(2013), 197-205.
Kumar Ami, Demystifying A Himalayan Tragedy: Study of 2013 Uttarakhand Disaster, Journal of Indian Research, 1(3)(2013), 106-116.
S.Mukherejee, Extra Terrestrial Remote Sensing and Geophysical Applications to Understand Kedarnath Cloudburst in Uttarakhand, India, Journal of Geophysics & Remote Sensing, 3(3)(2014).
AKL.Asthana and H.Asthana, Geomorphic control of Cloudbrusts and Flash Floods in Himalaya with Special reference to Kedarnath Area of Uttarakhand, India, International Journal of Advancement in Earth & Enviromental Sciences, 2(1)(2014), 16-24.
S.R.Chalise and N.R.Khanal, An introduction to climate, hydrology and landslide hazards in the hindu kush-himalayan region, Landslide Hazard Mitigation in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas, Kathmandu. ICIMOD, (2001), 5162.
ICIMOD, Flash Flood Hotspot Mapping in Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region ICIMOD, International Journal of Climatology, 20(2007), 1729-1742.
R.K.Iafiazova, Climate change impact on mud flow formation in Trans-IlI Alatay Mountains, Hydrometeorology and Ecology, (3)(1997), 1223.
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Paul Ajay, Evaluation and Implications of Seismic Events in Garhwal-Kumaun Region of Himalaya, Journal Geological Society of India, (76)(2010), 414-418.
A.Gansser, Geology of the Himalayas, London:Willey Interscience, (1964).
J.Celerier, T.M.Harrison, A.A.G.Webb and A.Yin, The Kumaun and Garwhal Lesser Himalaya, India: Part 1. Structure and stratigraphy, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 121 (910)(2009), 12621280.
S.S.Negi, Uttarakhand: land and people, New Delhi: MD Pub (1995).
Disaster Preparedness and Mitigation, http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/special-themes/disasterpreparedness-and-mitigation/natural-hazards/hydro-meteorological-hazards/
P.Lumb, Slope failure in Hong Kong, Eng. Geol., 8(1975), 31-65.
M.Govi, G.Mortara and P.F.Sorzana, Eventi idrologici e frane, Geol.Appl. & Idrogeol, 2(1985), 359-375.
International Training Centre of the ILO. Disaster risk reduction: a call to action. Prepared with the international recovery platform (IRP) and UNISDR. Issue No.(3), (2006). http://www.adpc.net/ddrcca/book/Chapter2/
Jack A.Eddy, The Maunder Minimum, Science, 192(1976), 1189-1202.
LSHingane, K.Rupa Kumar and BV.Rama Murthy, Long-term trends of surface air temperature in India, Internat Jour of Climat, 5(1985), 521-528.
V.Ramanathan, PJ.Crutzen, JT.Kiehl and D.Rosenfeld, Aerosols, Climate, and the Hydrological Cycle, Science, 294(2001), 2119-2124.
MS.Reddy and C.Venkataraman, Inventory of aerosol and sulphur dioxide emissions from India. Part IIbiomass combustion, Atmosph Environ, 36(2002), 699-712.
N.Rastogi and MM.Sarin, Chemical characteristics of individual rain events from a semi-arid region in India: Three-year study, Atmos Environ, 39(2005), 3313-3323.
KM.Lau, KM.Kim, Observational relationships between aerosol and Asian monsoon rainfall, and circulation, Geophysical Research Letters, 33(2006).
AB.Tinsley and Yu.Fangqun, Atmospheric Ionization and Clouds as Links Between Solar Activity and Climate, In Pap, Judit M.; Fox, Peter. Solar Variability and its Effects on Climate. Geophysical monograph series American Geophysical Union, 141(2004), 321339.
S.Sajani, MK.Krishna, K.Rajendran and SN.Ravi, Monsoon sensitivity to aerosol direct radiative forcing in the community atmosphere model, J Earth Sys Sci., 121(2012), 867-889.
B.Sarkar, Disaster in Kedar Valley: A Retrospection. India Geospatial Digest (Oct 2013), http://geospatialworld.net/Paper/Application/ArticleView.aspx?aid=30699
JF.Davies, RE.Miles, AE.Haddrell and JP.Reid, Influence of organic films on the evaporation and condensation of water in aerosol, Proc Natl Acad Sci 110(2013), 8807-8812.
http:// en.wikipedia. org/ wiki/ IPCC Third Assessment Report.
G.C.S.Negi, P.K.Samal, J.C.Kuniyal, B.P.Kothyari, R.K.Sharma and P.P.Dhyani, Impact of climate change on the western Himalayan mountain ecosystems: An overview, International Society for Tropical Ecology, 53(3)(2012), 345- 356.
C.K.Ballantyne and D.I.Benn, Paraglacial slope adjustment and resedimentation following recent glacier retreat, Fabergstolsdalen, Norway, Arctic and Alpine Research, 26(3)(1994), 255269.
S.J.Dadson and M.Church, Postglacial topographic evolution of glaciated valleys: a stochastic landscape evolution model, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 30(11)(2005), 13871403.
J.F.B.Mitchell, J.A.Lowe, R.A.Wood and M.Vellinga, Extreme events due to human induced climate change, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A. (364)(2006), 21172133.
H.S.Wheater, Flood hazard and management: a UK perspective, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A. (364), (2006), 21352145.
Anonymous, Uttarakhand disaster got magnified due to heavy pilgrim rush, Enews Times of India, 21 June 2013. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-)(2013)
A.B.Shrestha, C.P.Wake, P.A.Mayewski and J.E.Dibb, Maximum temperature and trends in the Himalaya and its vicinity: An analysis based on temperature records from Nepal from period 1971-1799, Journal of Climate, (12)(1999), 2775-2787.
F.Ahmad, S.F.Kazmi and T.Pervez, Human response to hydro-meteorological disasters: A case study of the 2010 flash floods in Pakistan, Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 4(9)(2011), 518-524.
C.Green, C.Viavattene and P.Thompson, Guidance for assessing flood losses [online], Middlesex University. ConHaz Project, Deliverable 6.1. (2011) Available from: http://conhaz.org /project/cost- assessment-work-packages/wp1-8- final-reports . [Accessed 31 January 2013].
R.Few et al., Floods, health and climate change: a strategic review, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research Working Paper, 63(2004), 1-138.
K.Mc Sweeney and O.Coomes, Climate-related disaster opens a window of opportunity for rural poor in northeastern Honduras, PNAS, 108(13)(2011), 5203-5208.
EEA. Mapping the impacts of natural hazards and technological accidents in Europe, an overview of the last decade, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, (2010).
D.Crichton, The risk triangle- In Natural disaster management, (ed. J. Ingleton), London, UK: Tudor Rose (1999), 102103.
M.Eriksson, Xu.Jianchu, A.B.Shrestha, R.A.Vaidya, S.Nepal and Sandstrom, The Changing Himalayas- Impact of climate change on water resources and livelihoods in the Greater Himalayas, Perspectives on water and climate change adaptation. ICIMOD, (2009), 1-22.
L. A.Owen, R.C.Finkel and M.W.Caffee, A note on the extent of glaciation throughout the Himalaya during the global last glacial maximum, Quaternary Science Reviews, (21)(2002), 147157.
MB.Dyurgerov and MF.Meier, Glaciers and the Changing Earth System: A 2004 Snapshot, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, Occasional paper, (2005).
Thomas Kohler and Daniel Maselli, Mountain & Climate Change from understanding to Action, 3rd Edition. Published by the Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), Rome, Italy (2012).
M.Bavay, M.Lehning, T.Jonas and Lwe, Simulations of future snow cover and discharge in Alpine headwater catchments, Hydrological Processes (23-1)(2009), 95-108.
IPCC: Climate Change, The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, (2007a).
M.Y.Du, S.Kawashima, S.Yonemura, X.Z.Zhang and S.B.Chen, Mutual influence between human activities and climate change in the tibetan plateau during recent years, Global and Planetary Change, (41)(2004), 241249.
J.N.Holeman, Sediment Yield of Major Rivers of the World: Rivers and Lakes of Xizang (Tibet), Science Press, Bejjing, (1984).
J.S.Singh and S.P.Singh, Forests of Himalaya, Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainital, India, (1992).
Y.Ageta and T.Kadota, Predictions of changes of glacier mass balance in the Nepal 36 K. Higuchi Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau: a case study of air temperature increase for three glaciers, Annals of Glaciology, (16)(1992), 89-94.
D.B.Zobel and S.P.Singh, Forests of Himalaya: their contribution to ecological generalizations, Bioscience, (47)(1997), 735-745.
T.Yamada, Monitoring of glacier lake and its outburst floods in Nepal Himalaya, Japanese Society of Snow and Ice, Monograph No. (1). Tokyo, (1998).
K.Fujita, T.Kadota, B.Rana, RB.Kayastha and Y.Ageta, Shrinkage of Glacier AX010 in Shorong region, Nepal Himalayas in the 1990s, Bull. Glaciol. Res, (18)(2001), 5154.
P.Singh and L.Bengtsson, Hydrological sensitivity of a large Himalayan basin to climate change, Hydrological Processes, (18)(2004), 23632385.
M.Beniston, The risks associated with climatic change in mountain regions. In: Huber U., Bugmann H. and Reasoner M. (eds) Global change and mountain regions: an overview of current knowledge, Springer, Dordrecht, (2005), 511-520.
K.Hewitt, The Karakoram anomaly? Glacier expansion and the elevation effects Karakoram Himalaya. Mountain, Research and Development, 25(4)(2005), 332340.
M.Phillips, Avalanche defense strategies and monitoring of two sites in mountain permafrost terrain. Pontresina, eastern Swiss Alps, Natural Hazards, (39)(2006), 353-379.
S.P.Singh, Climate change an overview, Fifteenth national symposium on environment (NSE-15). Mitigation of pollutants for Clean environment BARC Macmillan India Ltd. Mumbai, (2006), 24-29.
R.Kumar, A.K.Shai, K.Krishna Kumar, S.K.Patwardhan, P.K.Mishra, J.V.Rewadhar, K.Kamal and G.B.Pant, High resolution climate change scenario for India for the 21st century, Current Science, (90)(2006), 334-345.
V.Kumar, P.Singh and V.Singh, Snow and glacier melt contribution in the Beas River at Pandoh Dam, Himachal Pradesh, India, Hydrological SciencesJournal des Sciences Hydrologiques, 52(2)(2007).
K.Kumar, S.Joshi and V.Joshi, Climate variability, vulnerability, and coping mechanism in Alaknanda catchment, Central Himalaya, India, AMBIO, (37)(2008), 286-291.
Report on Uttarakhand Disaster National, Institute Of Disaster Management, Govt Of Uttarakhand, (2013)
PK.Das, The Himalayan Tsunami-Cloudbrust, Flash Flood & Death toll: A Geographical Postmortem, Jornal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 7(2)(2013), 33-45.
R J.Pandey, Landslide and Risk Assessment in Uttarakhand with Special Refernce to Malpa, International Journal of Innovation Research & Development, 2(3)(2013), 197-205.
Kumar Ami, Demystifying A Himalayan Tragedy: Study of 2013 Uttarakhand Disaster, Journal of Indian Research, 1(3)(2013), 106-116.
S.Mukherejee, Extra Terrestrial Remote Sensing and Geophysical Applications to Understand Kedarnath Cloudburst in Uttarakhand, India, Journal of Geophysics & Remote Sensing, 3(3)(2014).
AKL.Asthana and H.Asthana, Geomorphic control of Cloudbrusts and Flash Floods in Himalaya with Special reference to Kedarnath Area of Uttarakhand, India, International Journal of Advancement in Earth & Enviromental Sciences, 2(1)(2014), 16-24.
S.R.Chalise and N.R.Khanal, An introduction to climate, hydrology and landslide hazards in the hindu kush-himalayan region, Landslide Hazard Mitigation in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas, Kathmandu. ICIMOD, (2001), 5162.
ICIMOD, Flash Flood Hotspot Mapping in Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region ICIMOD, International Journal of Climatology, 20(2007), 1729-1742.
R.K.Iafiazova, Climate change impact on mud flow formation in Trans-IlI Alatay Mountains, Hydrometeorology and Ecology, (3)(1997), 1223.
Uttarakhand Location Map, http://www.mapsofindia.com
Chopra Ravi, Uttarakhand: Development and Ecological Sustainability, Publisher Oxfam India, June (2014).
Paul Ajay, Evaluation and Implications of Seismic Events in Garhwal-Kumaun Region of Himalaya, Journal Geological Society of India, (76)(2010), 414-418.
A.Gansser, Geology of the Himalayas, London:Willey Interscience, (1964).
J.Celerier, T.M.Harrison, A.A.G.Webb and A.Yin, The Kumaun and Garwhal Lesser Himalaya, India: Part 1. Structure and stratigraphy, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 121 (910)(2009), 12621280.
S.S.Negi, Uttarakhand: land and people, New Delhi: MD Pub (1995).
Disaster Preparedness and Mitigation, http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/special-themes/disasterpreparedness-and-mitigation/natural-hazards/hydro-meteorological-hazards/
P.Lumb, Slope failure in Hong Kong, Eng. Geol., 8(1975), 31-65.
M.Govi, G.Mortara and P.F.Sorzana, Eventi idrologici e frane, Geol.Appl. & Idrogeol, 2(1985), 359-375.
International Training Centre of the ILO. Disaster risk reduction: a call to action. Prepared with the international recovery platform (IRP) and UNISDR. Issue No.(3), (2006). http://www.adpc.net/ddrcca/book/Chapter2/
Jack A.Eddy, The Maunder Minimum, Science, 192(1976), 1189-1202.
LSHingane, K.Rupa Kumar and BV.Rama Murthy, Long-term trends of surface air temperature in India, Internat Jour of Climat, 5(1985), 521-528.
V.Ramanathan, PJ.Crutzen, JT.Kiehl and D.Rosenfeld, Aerosols, Climate, and the Hydrological Cycle, Science, 294(2001), 2119-2124.
MS.Reddy and C.Venkataraman, Inventory of aerosol and sulphur dioxide emissions from India. Part IIbiomass combustion, Atmosph Environ, 36(2002), 699-712.
N.Rastogi and MM.Sarin, Chemical characteristics of individual rain events from a semi-arid region in India: Three-year study, Atmos Environ, 39(2005), 3313-3323.
KM.Lau, KM.Kim, Observational relationships between aerosol and Asian monsoon rainfall, and circulation, Geophysical Research Letters, 33(2006).
AB.Tinsley and Yu.Fangqun, Atmospheric Ionization and Clouds as Links Between Solar Activity and Climate, In Pap, Judit M.; Fox, Peter. Solar Variability and its Effects on Climate. Geophysical monograph series American Geophysical Union, 141(2004), 321339.
S.Sajani, MK.Krishna, K.Rajendran and SN.Ravi, Monsoon sensitivity to aerosol direct radiative forcing in the community atmosphere model, J Earth Sys Sci., 121(2012), 867-889.
B.Sarkar, Disaster in Kedar Valley: A Retrospection. India Geospatial Digest (Oct 2013), http://geospatialworld.net/Paper/Application/ArticleView.aspx?aid=30699
JF.Davies, RE.Miles, AE.Haddrell and JP.Reid, Influence of organic films on the evaporation and condensation of water in aerosol, Proc Natl Acad Sci 110(2013), 8807-8812.
http:// en.wikipedia. org/ wiki/ IPCC Third Assessment Report.
G.C.S.Negi, P.K.Samal, J.C.Kuniyal, B.P.Kothyari, R.K.Sharma and P.P.Dhyani, Impact of climate change on the western Himalayan mountain ecosystems: An overview, International Society for Tropical Ecology, 53(3)(2012), 345- 356.
C.K.Ballantyne and D.I.Benn, Paraglacial slope adjustment and resedimentation following recent glacier retreat, Fabergstolsdalen, Norway, Arctic and Alpine Research, 26(3)(1994), 255269.
S.J.Dadson and M.Church, Postglacial topographic evolution of glaciated valleys: a stochastic landscape evolution model, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 30(11)(2005), 13871403.
J.F.B.Mitchell, J.A.Lowe, R.A.Wood and M.Vellinga, Extreme events due to human induced climate change, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A. (364)(2006), 21172133.
H.S.Wheater, Flood hazard and management: a UK perspective, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A. (364), (2006), 21352145.
Anonymous, Uttarakhand disaster got magnified due to heavy pilgrim rush, Enews Times of India, 21 June 2013. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-)(2013)
A.B.Shrestha, C.P.Wake, P.A.Mayewski and J.E.Dibb, Maximum temperature and trends in the Himalaya and its vicinity: An analysis based on temperature records from Nepal from period 1971-1799, Journal of Climate, (12)(1999), 2775-2787.
F.Ahmad, S.F.Kazmi and T.Pervez, Human response to hydro-meteorological disasters: A case study of the 2010 flash floods in Pakistan, Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 4(9)(2011), 518-524.
C.Green, C.Viavattene and P.Thompson, Guidance for assessing flood losses [online], Middlesex University. ConHaz Project, Deliverable 6.1. (2011) Available from: http://conhaz.org /project/cost- assessment-work-packages/wp1-8- final-reports . [Accessed 31 January 2013].
R.Few et al., Floods, health and climate change: a strategic review, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research Working Paper, 63(2004), 1-138.
K.Mc Sweeney and O.Coomes, Climate-related disaster opens a window of opportunity for rural poor in northeastern Honduras, PNAS, 108(13)(2011), 5203-5208.
How to Cite
Vinay Kumar Pandey, & Ajai Mishra. (2015). Causes and Disaster Risk Reduction Measures for Hydrometerological Disaster in Uttarakhand, India: An Overview. International Journal of Current Research in Science and Technology, 1(3), 61-80. Retrieved from https://crst.gfer.org/index.php/crst/article/view/14
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